Date: Thu, 8 Feb 1996 17:03:31 GMT From: Ralph McGehee Subject: The Politics of Heroin Below are citations from two of McCoy's books re the Politics of Heroin. I have never personally encountered situations or believed stories that the CIA itself engaged in drug smuggling. However, the CIA's large-scale paramilitary and political action programs accepted the drug trafficking by those it supported apparently believing its political goals were more important than stopping the traffic. What happended around the illegal Iran/Contra entities is another question. Ralph McGehee Burma, laos, u ba thein a covert action ally. At peak of power in mid 60s One of most impt shan leaders. He had organized commando ops for british in Wwii. After fled burma in 58 He contacted dr. Tom dooley, operating a Free clinic in laos. Story of u ba thein's affiliation with cia. Cia Listening posts near mong yang and ving ngun depended on shan having good Arms. Agency's logistics link with two bases was shan national army opium Caravans. Young admitted this benign neglect was cia policy in n. Laos. Cia Afraid to pressure local commanders to quit traffic as it might damage Effectiveness of pm work. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia Complicity in the global drug traffic 345 Laos, 64-68 Laotian air force t-28s became key to clandestine ops along North vietnam border and ho chi minh trail and providing close air support For secret army ops in northeast. Invention of an early version of ac-47 Gunship. Gen thao ma armed c-47 transports with .50 caliber machine guns. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in the global Drug traffic 332 Laos, 55-65 Several hundred french war vets, colonists, and gangsters Stayed on in laos. Corsicans started number of small charter airlines Called "air opium." phc 294. Nhu in vietnam became secret partner in Corsican charter airline named air laos commerciale, managed by francisci. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in the global Drug traffic 296 Laos, xieng khouang air transport, 67 Laos vang pao's airline formed With cia money. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in southeast Asia 278 Vietnam, 58-62 Ngo dinh nhu used vnese intel in laos and indochina's Corsican underworld's charter airlines to ship opium. In 61-62 he also used First transport group (which then flying intel missions into laos for cia Under control of gen ky) to ship raw opium to saigon. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in the global drug traffic 197 Vietnam, 61 Cia incorporated aviation investors, fictitious parent Company in d.c. To provide cover for vietnam air transport in op haylift. (Viat) hired ky and his first transport group to fly commandos into north Vn via laos. One of airline's employees, s.m. Mustard, reported to a senate Committee in 68 that ky used situation to fly opium from laos to saigon. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in the global Drug traffic 205-6 France. In marseille, cia sent agents and a psywar team to marseille where They dealt directly with corsican leaders thru guerini brothers. Cia Supplied arms and money to corsican gangs for assaults on communist picket Lines. During month long strike cia gangsters and purged crs police units Murdered a number of striking workers. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of Heroin: cia complicity in the global drug traffic 60 Afghanistan, pakistan, 80-90 By early 90 cia's afghan op had proved Doubly disastrous. After 10 years covert ops at a cost of $2 billion u.s. Had mujaheddin warlords whose skill as drug dealers exceeded their Competence as military commanders. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of Heroin: cia complicity in the global drug traffic 459 Burma, air op, early 50 Cia planes began making 5 parachute drops a week To kmt forces mong hsat. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in Southeast asia 129 Burma, ambassador, 50-51 Ambassador not told of cia op with kmters in North burma. Top ranking officials in state dept also kept in dark and it Hidden even from cia's own ddi. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin In southeast asia 129 Burma, with apparent cia support 52 Kmt began invasion east burma. 3 White men's bodies found after military op to defeat kmters. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in southeast asia 132 Cambodia, cia sponsoring anti-sihanouk mercenaries along cambodian border In south vn. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in southeast asia 26 China, 64-65 Sending teams yao and lahu into china to collect intel. Teams tapped telephone lines, monitored road traffic. Ph 301-2. Teams spent 3 or 4 months inside china. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in Southeast asia 307 China, overseas chinese. Nsc paper said re osc: continue acts to encourage Oc in sea: a) organize and activate anti-commie groups; b) resist effects Parallel pro-commie grps; c) increase orientation to free world; and, d) to (Be sympathetic toward kmt). Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in Southeast asia 139-40 China, tibet, 59-61 Cia's tibetan op began 8/59 when 20 khamba tribesmen Arr. Camp hale, colorado. They served as cadre in guerrilla army which Devoted most resources to mining major roads. Cia hoped to strengthen role Dalai lama. Ops curtailed may 60 when there 42,000 khambas fighting for Cia. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in southeast asia notes 426 Laos, 68-72 When vang pao's forces began losing control of sam neua in Early 68, cia decided to deny population to pathet lao by evacuating all. During next 3 years pathet lao winter-spring offensives continued to drive Vang pao back and make tens of thousands of hmong, refugees. Migration Exceeded air america's capacity and many on forced marches. Many recruits Were boys 30% were 14 or less; 30% fifteen or sixteen; remaining 40% were Over 45. The rest all dead. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia Complicity in the global drug traffic 321 Thailand, 51-57 Gen phao used [cia-created] power to take over vice Rackets, expropriated bangkok slaughterhouse, rigged the gold exchange, Collected protection money, etc. Using expanded police force he mounted Massive repression of all dissidence. Created net of informants, organized Police political affairs bureau with cia support, and conducted mass arrest Of 104 leading intellectuals in 52. C.l. Sulzberger of nyt called him a Superlative crook and a thai diplomat called him worst man in whole history Of thailand. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in The global drug traffic 184-5 China, burma, thailand, 50-52 Op paper began on 7 feb 51, when 4 cat air Transports brought to thailand weapons from okinawa. Two americans, opc's Joost and businessman willis bird met with gen chinat gen li mi. Unmarked C-47 transport aircraft making at least 5 parachute drops a week to kmt Forces in mong hsat. In june 51 li mi attempted conquest of yunnan province With troops and 2 cia advisers. Troops captured kengma. Pla Counterattacked. Kmt suffered huge casualties and several cia advisers Killed. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in the Global drug traffic 168-69 China, burma, thailand, 51-52 In late 51 kmt, assisted by american Engineers, opened landing strip in mong hsat so large aircraft could land. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in the global Drug traffic 170 China, thailand, 54 Thru gen phao cia tried to steer overseas chinese in All of southeast asia away from prc and toward kmt. A nsc paper of 54 said: Continue ops designed to encourage overseas chinese in sea a) to organize Anti-communist groups; b) resist effects pro-communist groups; c) increase Orientation towards free world; and, d) to extend sympathy towards [kmt]. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in the global Drug traffic 185-6 Laos, 59 16 august 59 after successful kong le coup, souvanna phouma Announced he forming neutralist gvt. Phoumi broke off negotiations and Returned to savannakhet where he announced formation of a revolutionary Committee. Dozens of unmarked air america transports began landing loaded With arms, soldiers, and american advisers, laos plunged into 3-way civil War. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in the Global drug traffic 310 Laos, 60-73 When cia began organizing secret army in 60 they found vang Pao. Thomas clines was commander of cia's secret base at long tieng. Mccoy, A.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in the global drug Traffic 308 Laos, 63 In northwest laos, william young, assisted by ivs volunteer, Joseph flipse, led yao commandos in an attack on pathet lao villages. Tony Poe became new cia man at long tieng. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of Heroin: cia complicity in the global drug traffic 316 Turkey, greece, france and italy, 47-48 Funds used overtly in turkey and Greece and covertly in france and italy to support democratic parties. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in the global Drug traffic 57 Burma, 51 After delivering arms to kmt in burma, an unknown number cat Pilots loading kmt opium for return flight to bangkok. One of these, jack Killam, was murdered in 51 after an opium deal went wrong and was buried in An unmarked grave by cia agent sherman joost. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The Politics of heroin: cia complicity in the global drug traffic 178 Burma, 53 Burmese troops attacked li mi's kmt forces and found bodies of 3 white men who bore no identification other than personal letters with Washington and new york addresses. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of Heroin: cia complicity in the global drug traffic 174 Burma, early 50 Burma april 51 2000 kmt soldiers attempted reconquest Yunnan and crossed border accompanied by cia advisers and supplied by Regular airdrops. Several ciaers killed. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics Of heroin in southeast asia 129-31 Laos, 65 Cia officer, objibway, died in helicopter crash in summer 65 and He replaced by tony poe. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia Complicity in the global drug traffic 337 Laos, 62 U.s. And ussr signed geneva agreements and thus terminated Military ops. Although green beret and military advisers departed by October, cia used deceptions to continue clandestine acts. All cia Personnel moved to adjacent areas in thailand and returned daily. Mccoy, A.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in the global drug Traffic 315 In 72 Cord meyer a cia official visited harper's owner to request he Suppress mccoy's book, politics of heroin. Canfield refused but he allowed Cia to review it prior to publication. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of Heroin: cia complicity in the global drug traffic xvii Afghanistan, pakistan, 80-90 17 dea agents assigned to u.s. Embassy in Islamabad. Dea reports identified 40 significant narcotics syndicates in Pakistan. Despite high quality dea intel, not a major syndicate Investigated by pakistani police in a decade. Hekmatyar himself controlled Six heroin refineries. Without fear of arrest heroin dealers began Exporting product to europe an america, capturing more than 50% of both Markets. When pakistani police picked up hamid hasnain, v.p. Of gvt's habib Bank, they found in his briefcase the personal records of president zia. Phc 455 blatant official corruption continued until gen zia's death in an Air crash. Typical of misinfo that blocked any u.s. Action against Pakistan's heroin trade, the state dept's semi-annual narcotics review in September called gen zia a strong supporter of anti-narcotics activities in Pakistan. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in the Global drug traffic 456 Afghanistan, pakistan, 89 As foreign aid declined in 89, afghan leaders Expanded opium production to sustain guerrilla armies. A scramble among Rival mujaheddin leaders occurred. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of Heroin: cia complicity in the global drug traffic 458 Burma, 51 After delivering arms to kmt in burma, an unknown number cat Pilots loading kmt opium for return flight to bangkok. One of these, jack Killam, was murdered in 51 after an opium deal went wrong and was buried in An unmarked grave by cia agent sherman joost. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The Politics of heroin: cia complicity in the global drug traffic 178 Burma, 67-90 Story of khun sa. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of Heroin: cia complicity in the global drug traffic 363-382 Burma, china, laos, 61-65 After kmt troops chased out of burma into Northwest laos those that not resettled to taiwan (2,000 to 3,000) kmt Regulars were left behind in laos. Cia hired them to strengthen rightist Position. Per w. Young these troops placed under nominal command of gen Phoumi nosavan and became bataillon speciale 111. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The Politics of heroin: cia complicity in the global drug traffic 349 Burma, laos, thailand, vietnam, 50-90 American impact on region's drug Trade wether cover complicity or active suppression, relied on relations With local allies. Since cia covert ops demand alliances with powerful Warlords or tribal leaders who necessarily deal in drugs, agency has Repeatedly enmeshed its covert ops with region's opium trade. By investing Leaders with the authority of its alliance, cia provides protection that a Drug lord can use to expand his share of traffic. Thru alliance he gains Access to international transport or commercial contacts that facilitate Movement and marketing of drugs. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of Heroin: cia complicity in the global drug traffic 385 Burma, thailand, 68-90 Khun sa, armed by the cia, trained by the kmt, and Protected by the burmese and thai gvts, khun sa has drawn strength from the Complicity of powerful states and their intel agencies. If khun sa were to Fall, the same forces that empowered him would soon create another opium Warlord in his place. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia Complicity in the global drug traffic 435 Burma, thailand, china, 51 In an interview with u.s. Ambassador rankin, Chinat gen li mi gave a pessimistic account of his [cia-sponsored] ops and Showed pressures were leading him into drug trade. During his first Invasion of china from 6 june to 15 july 51 his troops rcvd 5 cat airlifts Inside yunnan totaling 875 rifles with 40 rounds each and 2000 carbines With 50 rounds. He lost 800 men in pla counterattack. He withdrew with some 30,000 to 40,000 able-bodied men. At suggestion of 2 american officers with His forces in burma he traveled to bangkok for a conference. Americans Unhappy he had withdrawn. Li mi had 4 contacts with gen frank merrill a Wartime leader. He instructed li mi to try to bring karens closer to Burmese gvt. Later merrill stopped contact and money from this channel. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in the global Drug traffic 171-2 Cia involved in drug traffic at three levels: 1. Coincidental complicity by Allying with groups engaged in traffic; 2. Support of traffic by covering Up known traffickers and condoning their involvement; 3. Active engagement In transport of opium and heroin. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of Heroin: cia complicity in the global drug traffic 23 France, 47-50 Cia joined forces with corsicans to break hold of communist Party over city gvt and to break two dock strikes - that threatened Efficientcy of marshall plan and 1st indochina war. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The Politics of heroin: cia complicity in the global drug traffic 25 France, laos, 87 Prince sopsaisana of laos to paris in april. One of his Suitcases contained 60 kilos of high-grade laotian heroin worth $13.5 Million in new york. French refused to accept his credentials and he Recalled to vientiane in june. According to dea, sopsai's venture was Financed by gen vang pao, and the heroin had been refined in lab at long Tieng, cia's hqs for ops in n. Laos. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of Heroin: cia complicity in the global drug traffic 284-5 Burma, 50-59 Cia activities burma (with kmt) helped transform shan States into largest opium-growing region in world. Kmt shipped heroin to North thailand where sold to gen. Phao sriyanonda of thai police, a cia Client. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in southeast asia 127 Laos. Beginning in 64 Vang pao became drug lord of hmong. Per ouane Rattikone, commander of laotian army, and gen thao ma, then commander Laotian air force, air america began flying hmong opium to markets in long Tieng and vientiane. Tony poe, a cia officer who worked with vang pao, said Vang pao made millions in drug traffic. Air logistics for opium trade Further improved when cia and usaid gave vang pao financial assistance in Forming his own air line, xieng khouang air transport. Formed in late 67 With two c-47s acquired from air american and continental air services. Company's schedule limited to shuttle flights between long tieng and Vientiane. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in The global drug traffic 318 Laos, 61-75 Cia intervention in laos changed narcotics traffic. Corsican Charter airlines forced out of business in 65, then cia's airline, air America, began flying hmong opium out of hills to long tieng and vientiane. Cia cross-border ops into china in 62 when shan rebels who organized forays Began financing shan nationalist cause by selling burmese opium to another Cia protege, laotian gen phoumi nosavan. Prior to that time much heroin Sent to bangkok. In late 60s air force bombing disrupted laotian opium Production and forced hmong to become refugees. But laotian labs, major Suppliers of g.i.'s in vietnam, simply increased imports of burmese heroin. Cia analysis identified 21 opium refineries in tri-border area. 7 capable Of producing near pure heroin located in border area of burma and thailand Where paramilitary groups closely identified with cia ci and intel ops Since 50s. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in The global drug traffic 288 Laos, 60-75 Cia created secret army of 30,000 hmong tribesmen to battle Communists. Hmong's main cash crop opium, so cia allowed gen vang pao to Use cia air america to collect opium from scattered villages. In late 69 Cia's various clients opened a net of heroin labs in golden triangle. In First years they exported high-grade #4 heroin to u.s. Troops in vietnam. After their withdrawal, golden triangle labs exported directly to u.s., Capturing 1/3 of american market. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of Heroin: cia complicity in the global drug traffic 19 Laos, vietnam, 56-62 Nhu est two pipelines from laotian poppy fields to Svn. Major one was air laos commerciale, managed by corsican gangster Francisci. Nhu also used vnese air force transports. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in the global drug traffic 203-4 Southeast asia has achieved dual distinction of becoming world's largest Producer of raw opium and the major source of america's illicit heroin. In Feb 90 The dea announced that southeast asia was the source of 45% of all Heroin consumed in the u.s. Up sharply from only 18% 3 years before - Details of world production. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: Cia complicity in the global drug traffic 387 Southern asia, 80-90 During 80s cia ops in afghanistan transformed s. Asia from self-contained opium zone to major supplier heroin on world Market. Phc 441. Saudi arabia delivered their aid directly to client Guerrilla groups inside afghanistan, most allied agencies, the cia Included, worked thru gen zia's [of pakistan], the inter service intel (Isi). Cia relationship with isi complex, cia commanded vast arsenal funds And high-tech weapons that dwarfed isi's meager budget. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in the global drug traffic 49 Thailand, burma, 72 Media spectacle staged by dea on behalf of cia. Before u.s. Tv cameras in march 72, gen li's kmt troops delivered a hundred Mules laden with "opium," and publicly renounced the drug trade. Thai Military soaked with gas and burned 26 tons opium. With covert funding from Cia, the thai military then paid the general $1,850,000 for his "last" Opium shipment. Opium pyre was neither kmt's last shipment nor entirely Opium. 5 tons had been opium the other 21 tons was "fodder, other plant Matter, chemicals." mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia Complicity in the global drug traffic 417 Vietnam, 58-62 Ngo dinh nhu used vnese intel in laos and indochina's Corsican underworld's charter airlines to ship opium. In 61-62 he also used First transport group (which then flying intel missions into laos for cia Under control of gen ky) to ship raw opium to saigon. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in the global drug traffic 197 Early 50 Cia recruited corsican gangsters to battle commie strikers. Both Sicilian mafia and corsican underworld played key role in europe's post war Heroin traffic and provided most heroin in us for next two decades. Cia did Not dabble in drugs to finance its ops, cia's role simply inadvertent Consequence its cold war tactics. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of Heroin in southeast asia 7-8 Laos, 70-71 Commander cia's secret army had opium refined at long tieng Hqs for cia ops north laos. Ph 244. Air america began flying opium to long Tieng. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in southeast asia 263 Thailand 50-59 Cia support invaluable asset gen phao in managing opium Traffic. Gave police aircraft, naval vessels, motor vehicles and logistic Capability to move opium from fields to sea lanes, etc. Ph 144. By end 50s In 70 report of bureau narcotics, burma, laos and thailand massive producer And source more than half world's present illicit supply. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in southeast asia 138, 145 Thailand, sea supply corporation, 51 Ssc delivered naval vessels, arms, Armored vehicles and aircraft to general phao's police. Phao called worst Man in whole history thailand. Phao's alliance with cia gave him extensive Kmt contacts--he built virtual monopoly burmese opium exports. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in southeast asia 138 Vietnam, 68-70 Cia avoids gathering info high level (vn) officials Involved drug smuggling. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in Southeast asia 218 Vietnam, 61-62 Nhu used first transport group (which then flying Missions into laos for cia and under control ky) to ship opium to saigon. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in southeast asia 153 Laos, 59 Gen phoumi nosavan began rise to power in april 59 national Assembly elections. Election so blatantly rigged it aroused resentment. American involvement in fixing election obvious - there reports cia Financed vote buying. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia Complicity in the global drug traffic 310 Laos, april 59 National assembly election blatantly rigged. American Involvement obvious. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in Southeast asia 269 Thailand, 57 Gen sarit's forces overthrew cia-backed police gen phao. Police armored and paramilitary units disbanded and all cia agents attached To phao's police force were thrown out of country. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The Politics of heroin: cia complicity in the global drug traffic 188 Australia, 75-80 As nugan hand bank expanded, michael hand recruited some Of most famous names in u.s. National security circles: admiral earl yates; General leroy j. Manor; general edwin black; dr. Guy pauker, asia expert of Rand corp; walter mcdonald, retired cia deputy dir for economic research; Dale holmgren, former chairman of cia's civil air transport; william colby, Retired dci. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in The global drug traffic 469 Australia, 76-80 The nugan hand bank. Sometime in 65-66 michael jon hand Joined the cia for two years as a contract operative with hmong in north Laos. He met cos shackley, and crack air america pilot, kermit "buddy" King. Key figure in bank's history is texan maurice bernard houghton. Among Houghton's guests at club were the cia's australian station chief from 73-75, john d. Walker. In pretoria south africa, hand incorporated a Trading company, murdoch lewis proprietary ltd, to take delivery of arms Shipments. Houghton made direct contact with former cia agent edwin wilson, Then working for task force 157, a covert arm of oni. In early 75 or 76 a Dennis schlachter, a world marine employee first learned of african arms Deal when two cia agents, james hawes and robert moore, called on wilson at World marine in d.c. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia Complicity in the global drug traffic 461-468 China cia backed kmt invasions yunnan province from burma early 50 Based Assumption that once kmt in china "enslaved masses" would rise up against Mao. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in southeast asia 131 Vietnam, 68-70 Cia avoids gathering info high level (vn) officials Involved drug smuggling. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in Southeast asia 218 China, burma, 49 after est of prc in 49, cia gathered remnants of chinat Army who had fled to shan states in burma. Cia hired harold young to gather Intel on china. Young in turn called on u ba thein to organize team of Christian lahus for intel work inside china. A group sent to chiangmai, Thailand where harold's oldest son, gordon, trained them in radio. They Then sent to burma\china border and sent info to gordon who passed it on to Local cia operative working under cover as american vice consul. Mccoy, A.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in the global drug Traffic 339 Laos, burma, china, 64-66 William young removed from command of pm ops in 64. In 65 cia ordered him back to nam tha to continue supervising yao and Lahu intel teams being sent deep into yunnan province, china. Teams Wandered mountains of yunnan tapping telephone lines and monitoring road Traffic. Young had begun sending teams into china since 63. By time young Quit in 67 He had opened three major radio posts with in burma's shan State, built a special training camp that was graduating 35 agents every Two months, and sent hundreds of teams deep into yunnan. Phc 339. Modus Operandi changed little from 62 Until nixon ordered them stopped in August 71 Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in The global drug traffic 341 France, 47 When french communists attacked marshall plan in 47, thru afl Split european labor by funding leon jouhaux, socialist leader, who then Led his force ouvriere out of communist-dominated cgt. Phc 58. With funds From dubinsky's union, lovestone and irving brown, organized force Ouvriere. Cia payments on order one million a year gave socialist party Strong electoral base in labor. With help of u.s. Military attache, moch, Called up 80,000 reserves and mobilized 20,000 troops to battle strikes. Cgt called off strikes. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia Complicity in the global drug traffic 59 France, 47-50 Cia joined forces corsican underworld to break hold Communists over marseille city gvt and to break to dock strikes one in 47 Other in 50--that threatened efficiency of marshall plan and first Indochina war. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in southeast asia 16, 38-57 France, 47 During month long strike breaking efforts marseille cia Psywar team prepared pamphlets, radio broadcasts and posters to discourage Workers from continuing strike. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin In southeast asia 44 France, 47 Sat. Even. Post braden wrote of individual with international Ladies' garment workers union using funds from that union organized force Ouvriere, a non communist union which cia began to fund. Thus began secret Subsidy of free trade unions which soon spread to italy. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in southeast asia 42-3 France. Braden of cia in sat even post 50 Wrote cia supplied 15,000 to Pay strong arm squads in mediterranean ports so american supplies re vn Could be unloaded against opposition commie dock workers. Recruited elite Criminal terror squad. This ops had unintended consequence leading to Marseille growth as america's heroin laboratory. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The Politics of heroin in southeast asia 46 Laos, 60 Early 70 Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in Southeast asia 259 et al Laos, airline, 59 Vang pao's airline formed with cia money. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in southeast asia 278 Laos, deaths, 65 Cia man died in helicopter crash. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in southeast asia 300 Laos, 72 As repeated losses reduced vang pao's army to about 30,000, cia Imported 20,000 thai mercenaries. Phc 330. In 75 After some 3,000 hmong Flown across mekong, vang pao and his cia case officer, jerry daniels, flew Out of long tieng eventually to missoula, montana. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The Politics of heroin: cia complicity in the global drug traffic 331 Laos, burma, china, 64-66 William young removed from command of pm ops in 64. In 65 cia ordered him back to nam tha to continue supervising yao and Lahu intel teams being sent deep into yunnan province, china. Teams Wandered mountains of yunnan tapping telephone lines and monitoring road Traffic. Young had begun sending teams into china since 63. By time young Quit in 67 He had opened three major radio posts with in burma's shan State, built a special training camp that was graduating 35 agents every Two months, and sent hundreds of teams deep into yunnan. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in the global drug traffic 339 Thailand, 51-57 Gen phao used [cia-created] power to take over vice Rackets, expropriated bangkok slaughterhouse, rigged the gold exchange, Collected protection money, etc. Using expanded police force he mounted Massive repression of all dissidence. Created net of informants, organized Police political affairs bureau with cia support, and conducted mass arrest Of 104 leading intellectuals in 52. C.l. Sulzberger of nyt called him a Superlative crook and a thai diplomat called him worst man in whole history Of thailand. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in The global drug traffic 184-5 Thailand, 51-57 In 51 cia front org sea supply, began delivering large Quantities naval vessels, arms, armored vehicles and aircraft to phao's Police. Phao then able est police air force, maritime police, police Armored div, and police paratroop unit. By 53 cia had at least 275 overt And covert agents working with phao's police. They had delivered $35 Million worth of assistance. Gave arms commo equipment, transport, cia also Created two new paramilitary units, police aerial reconnaissance unit (Paru) and border patrol police. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of Heroin: cia complicity in the global drug traffic 184 Cambodia cia sponsoring anti-sihanouk mercenaries along cambodian border in South vn. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in southeast asia 266 China, early 50 April 51 2000 kmt soldiers attempted reconquest yunnan And crossed border accompanied by cia advisers and supplied by regular Airdrops. Several ciaers killed. Mission failed. Another soon attempted and Failed. Cia redoubled efforts. Aug 52 kmters penetrated yunnan until driven Out. No further attempts. Forces confident that masses would rise up Against mao. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in southeast asia 129-131 Laos, 59-69 Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in southeast Asia 297 Laos, 61 With gen phoumi once more in control in vientiane, cia began Sending green berets, cia-financed thai police into region ii to build up Hmong army under vang pao. William young one of cia operatives sent to Padoung in january. Details of recruiting and building up vang pao's army. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in the global Drug traffic 312-3 Laos, thailand, vietnam. Edgar buell, tony posepny and william young had Personal imprint on secret war. Tony poe in 58 was one of two operatives Sent to support separtists revolt in indonesia. His first assignment with Anti-sihanouek mercenaries along cambodian border in s. Vietnam. In laos he Offered one dollar for an ear of enemy and more for a head and cap. Details Re pop buell. Mccoy, a.w. (1991). The politics of heroin: cia complicity in The global drug traffic 306-7 France, braden of cia in sat even post 50 Wrote cia supplied 15,000 To Pay strong arm squads in mediterranean ports so american supplies re vn Could be unloaded against opposition commie dock workers. Recruited elite Criminal terror squad. This ops had unintended consequence leading to Marseille growth as america's heroin laboratory. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The Politics of heroin in southeast asia 46 Vietnam, air op. First transport group 61-62 Nhu used (which then flying Missions into laos for cia and under control ky) to ship opium to saigon. Support resistance ops nvn. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in Southeast asia 153, 163 Vietnam, assassinations, 68 Names of five vnese killed on 2 june 68 by U.s. Helicopter. They all supporters ky. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics Of heroin in southeast asia 178-9 Vietnam, diem, ngo dinh handpicked by americans to be premier svn. Ph Beginning 122. 55-56 Without u.s. Support diem certainly could not Consolidate his hold on south. Without threat u.s. Intervention svn could Not refuse discuss elections called for in 56 in geneva. Without u.s. Aid Diem regime could not have survived. Based on pentagon papers. Mccoy, a.w. (1972). The politics of heroin in southeast asia 150